how did islam spread through military conquest

It is believed that Islam first arrived in these South-eastern regions by the 7th century. Some of the Mongolian tribes became Islamized. in different regions. prophets and the leadership to kill other people just because they disbelieve God in the Old Testament. Another important thing to note is that not all military expansion was Arab and Muslim. [45] Moreover, Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. Earlier generations of European scholars believed that conversions to Islam were made at the point of the sword, and that conquered peoples were given the choice of conversion or death. Overview of the spread of Islam from the time of Muhammed to the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Indeed, it was the later Persian Safavid and Turkish Ottoman empires, neither of which was Arab, out of which the modern Islamic world was carved. Direct link to David Alexander's post Sufism emerged early on i. Especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, whole cities or peoples What was the main reason for the spread of Islam? Muslim Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, Mongol, and Afghan leaders secured power in places as far apart as modern-day Turkey and modern-day northern India. It was bounded mostly by "a combination of natural barriers and well-organized states". Through the trades with other nations, such as Persia and China. Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. In other places and times, Buddhism has been the better one, or Christianity, or even "no belief at all". What's particularly surprising is how fast Islam spread shortly after that. The fight was mainly over power. During the seventh century, after subduing rebellions in the Arabian peninsula, Arab Muslim armies began to swiftly conquer territory in the neighboring Byzantine and Sasanian empires and beyond. The Rashidun can be credited for military expansion, but did Islam truly spread through their conquests? Muslims controlled parts of the western silk road and were influential on trans-Saharan trade routes. [81] This demographic transition can be illustrated by the decrease in the number of mosques in Belgrade, from over 70 in 1750 (before Serbian independence in 1815), to only three in 1850. Look up different translations. This is not to say that the Muslims were not brave and that the conviction that they were doing Allah's will was not significant: it clearly was. Why were the caliphs successful in spreading Islam? The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. Image credit: While these trade interactions undoubtedly had important ramifications, they were equally influential in the cultural realm. According to Historians Elliot and Dowson in their book The History of India as told by its own Historians, the first ship bearing Muslim travelers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630CE. A page from a manuscript on Islamic law from Spain, first half of the 11th century. Abbasid religious authority was also wavering as a more powerful class of religious scholars at the helm of new religious institutions challenged the legitimacy of the system of caliphate. Abu Bakr died in 634 and was succeeded by Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph, who ruled until 644. The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of Turkic conquests of Asia Minor, the Balkans and the Indian subcontinent. Women did contribute to Islam - in fact the first person to convert was the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH)own wife. white period is before, according to Muslim traditions, that he started having During the reign of Umar II, the then governor of Africa, Ismail ibn Abdullah, was said to have won the Berbers to Islam by his just administration, and other early notable missionaries include Abdallah ibn Yasin who started a movement which caused thousands of Berbers to accept Islam. revelation is believed, according to Islamic tradition, to have come down when the Muslims were actively being persecuted The Abbasids replaced the expanding empire and "tribal politics" of "the tight-knit Arabian elite[22] with cosmopolitan culture and disciplines of Islamic science,[22] philosophy, theology, law and mysticism became more widespread, and the gradual conversions of the empire's populations occurred. Direct link to Ameen Aldubaisi's post Through the trades with o, Posted 3 years ago. (eds.). Image credit: Under the Abbasids, Islamic art and culture flourished. According to the historian Yaqut al-Hamawi, the Bszrmny (Izmaelita or Ismaili/ Nizari) denomination of the Muslims who lived in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 10th to 13th centuries, were employed as mercenaries by the kings of Hungary. "Such is the recompense Ira Lapidus points towards "interwoven terms of political and economic benefits and of a sophisticated culture and religion" as appealing to the masses. These new political structures diminished Abbasid power. Now on the other hand, Now, when Lapidus talks Regional rulers, who did not have to manage such vast territories, were able to expand more fruitfully in single directions. They created a sense of internationalism and multiculturalism. Warriors are crossing water and land, charging a fortified area,. [32], A third development is the growth and elaboration of transnational military organizations. Image credit: The Umayyads did not come into power smoothly. The military expansions of the earlier period spread Islam in name only; it was later that Islamic culture truly spread, with people converting to Islam in large numbers. Through continued trade between Arab Muslims and Indians, Islam continued to spread in coastal Indian cities and towns, both through immigration and conversion. your own primary resources. Islam did a better job than the religions that preceded it in the areas where it took root. [30], Islam has continued to spread through commerce and migrations, especially in Southeast Asia, America and Europe. [80] One by one, the Balkan nationalities asserted their independence from the Empire, and frequently the presence of members of the same ethnicity who had converted to Islam presented a problem from the point of view of the now dominant new national ideology, which narrowly defined the nation as members of the local dominant Orthodox Christian denomination. Im going to guess this has to do with the fact that its frowned upon to create art that includes Muhammads features, but why does that include his hands and any other exposed parts of his body? The Abbasids massive empirespanning over four thousand mileswas impressive, but very difficult to maintain. There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850CE to tombs of Catholic saints outside of the city of Carthage, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of Arab Spain. Islam did not begin with violence. P. M. ( Peter Malcolm) Holt, Bernard Lewis. Even before the conquest of Islam, they were probably subjugated by a king or part of an empire People disagreed with this event because they had different perspectives on what were the main events for Islam spreading so quickly. [82], A panorama in 12 folds showing a fabulous Eid ul-Fitr procession by, Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyads (610750 CE), Conversion within the empire: Umayyad vs. Abbasid period, Conversion within the empire: "Conversion curve", Emergence of Seljuks and Ottomans (9501450), Flags of the Sultanates in the East Indies, The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp.125-126, Gibbon, ci, ed. interesting is to think about how and why it was able ), 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper924. Then it spreads even more. Sometimes it might actually be the case. )[21], Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic numerals and Arab customs spread throughout the empire. 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions. Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. In the ninth century, Palestine was conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, whose capital was Cairo. Idolatrous religions would not be allowed, but neither Judaism nor Christianity, which Muhammad (sa) respected, were unmolested. The Abbasids were intent on differentiating themselves from their Umayyad predecessors, though they still had a lot in common. The Arab Muslim rulers were not purely motivated by religion, nor was their success attributed to the power of Islam alone, though religion certainly played a part. "Earlier generations of European scholars "believed that conversion to Islam "were made by the point of the sword, "and that conquered people's When a translation is poorly done, those whose understanding of the original sacred text are filtered through the poor translation may get the wrong idea. There are a number of historians who see the rule of the Umayyads as responsible for setting up the "dhimmah" to increase taxes from the dhimmis to benefit the Arab Muslim community financially and to discourage conversion. Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Umar known as Umar's Assurance, allowing for the religious freedom for Christians in exchange for jizya, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called dhimmis. Main articles: Arab-Byzantine Wars, Byzantine-Seljuq wars, Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. Even there there are rules of law here, or rules of engagement. [45], It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. by local ruling families. The truth is that Islamization in each Balkan country took place in the course of many centuries, and its nature and phase was determined not by the Ottoman government but by the specific conditions of each locality. "In the Indian Ocean and West Africa, "it spread by peaceful This map shows the extent of the Umayyad Empire in 750 CE. Direct link to David Alexander's post When a translation is poo. The spread of Islam through merchants, missionaries, and pilgrims was very different in nature. In what ways did the spread of Islam help the areas of South Asia, North Africa, and Europe? [4] Still at the end of the Umayyad period, the Muslim community was only a minority in the region. "And if they cease, then indeed God "is forgiving and merciful." Muslims of Central Asian origin played a major role in the Mongol conquest of China. Along these trade routes, merchant communities developed. They have come as immigrants, guest workers, asylum seekers or as part of family reunification. [3][4], Muslim dynasties were soon established and subsequent empires such as those of the Umayyads, Abbasids, Mamluks, Seljukids, and the Ayyubids were among some of the largest and most powerful in the world. elite Arab Muslim ruling class and they weren't that interested in spreading their religion. As a clarification question, is this supposed to mean that the early Muslims were conquering territory for a kingdom, like Rome, Greece, and Persia in earlier times? It is useful to realize that the power of Islam was separate from much and more permanent than that of the armies with which it rode. A map depicting the extent of the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE, which extended from Spain in the west to northern India in the East and covered northern Africa, southern Europe, Anatolia, and the Arabian Peninsula. This can be seen with the Ottomans taxing trade between Europe and the rest of the world, since Europe was Christian. One political advantage the Rashidun caliphate held was their ability to maintain stability and unity among the Arab tribes. referring to the Quraysh, because remember they're fighting over this notion of what even should There's few instances in history where we see this type of Conversion from other religions like Christianity and Judaism was relatively easy and quick due to shared religious ideas.

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