Still, the nation was in ruins and there was a military stalemate between the patriots and royalists. It was part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, ruled by a Viceroy in Bogota (present-day Colombia). Once the first Republic was over, the main political and military leaders of the Independence went into exile. At theBattle of Boyacaon August 7, Bolvar scored a decisive victory, crushing the Spanish army. General Pez returned in 1861 to restore Conservative hegemony for two years, but in 1863 final victory went to the Liberals, led by the generals Juan Falcn and Antonio Guzmn Blanco. This first successful rebellion in Venezuelas national history set off five years of revolutionary turmoil between the Liberals and Conservatives. In 1806-1807 the British made a determined effort to capture the city. His forces were opposed by large royalist armies including a cavalry unit of llaneros (cowboys of the Llanos frontier), who were under the command of Jos Toms Boves. The second republic corresponds to the period between August 1813 and December 1814 and is known as the "War to the Death" period.[3][9]. Led by visionary radicals such as Simn Bolvar and Francisco de Miranda, Venezuela was the first of the South American Republics to formally break away from Spain. He established a nationwide system of public primary education and promoted state support for secondary and higher education. Venezuela, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, was an economic powerhouse as well as an intellectual hub for Latin America. On August 30, 1821, Gran Colombia, a conglomerate of recently freed countries formerly part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (including modern-day Colombia and Venezuela . In addition, he abolished ecclesiastical privileges, cut off state subsidies to the Roman Catholic church, proclaimed religious liberty, legalized civil marriage, and also confiscated church properties, exiled the archbishop, and closed the convents. [7] Independence was approved with 40 votes in favor. On 5 December, the Republicans marched towards Araure and camped about 1,000 metres (3,300ft) from the town, in front of the royalists, who had deployed at the entrance of the mountain of the Acarigua river; with their wings supported by woods and their front covered by a small lake, their back was protected by a forest, they also had 10 pieces of artillery. "[21], "Your Majesty, if you give me a Paez and 100,000 plainsmen from Apure whom you call Savages, I will lay the whole of Europe at your feet."[22]. The Spanish harassment began throughout the territory of the republic, for some months he and his family live in the outskirts of La Asuncin under the espionage and the pressure that the Spanish authorities maintained on the sympathizers of the patriot cause in the island. [5] On March 5, 1811, the Supreme Junta of Caracas ceased its functions.[4]. The original Book of Minutes of the first Congress of Venezuela is in the Federal Legislative Palace in Caracas. Under the Spanish colonial system, Venezuela was a bit of a backwater. [5] The regulations also provided that elections were to be held in two stages: first, the voters appointed the electors of the parish; and then, these electors, meeting in an electoral assembly in the capital of the province, appointed the representatives to Congress, at the rate of one deputy for every 20,000 inhabitants.[5]. Boves commanded the royalists in the Battle of rica that had as outcome, the death of the fearsome commander. A new constitution was enacted in 1864 to incorporate the federalist principles of the victors. The first of them tries twice in 1806 to invade the Venezuelan territory through La Vela de Coro, led by General Francisco de Miranda, with an armed expedition coming from Haiti. There would be a vice-president who would replace the President in his absence. Consequently, he ordered the divisions to modify their march on the left and go to the royalist right flank, which was uncovered; that is to say, Bolivar conceived a maneuver tending to overflow the enemy right wing, operation executed by the divisions of Jos Antonio Pez and Cedeo, while the Plaza division followed the road towards the center of the defensive position. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to thePresent. The resulting patriot victory secured Venezuela's independence, as the Spanish decided they could never pacify and re-take the region. This virtually uninhabited wilderness territory, in which gold was discovered in 1877, had been the object of alternating claims and counterclaims between Venezuela and Great Britain for more than half a century. This initial success of the patriots allowed Ribas to place his men in line of battle and with them he charged against the royalists, who responded with intense artillery fire. An opposition movement began to develop in 1840, however, when Antonio Leocadio Guzmn, the leading spokesman for dissident merchants and professional men, founded the Liberal Party. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The impossibility of establishing a permanent army. The losses of the Republicans were 8 officers and 36 crew and troops killed, 14 of the former and 150 of the latter wounded and one officer wounded, while those of the royalists were greater, without counting the 69 officers and 368 soldiers and sailors who were taken prisoner. In 1857 the Monagas brothers attempted to impose a new constitution extending the presidential term from four to six years and removing all restrictions on reelection. After the fall of the Second Republic, the patriot leaders took refuge in the islands of the Caribbean Sea, especially in Jamaica, Trinidad, Haiti and Curacao. Spanish and royalist forces attacked, however, and a devastating earthquake leveled Caracas on March 26, 1812. After Pez is promoted in San Juan de Payara by the Libertador to major general, he fought the Apure campaign together with Bolvar against Morillo's troops that had invaded Apure. The battle resulted in a decisive victory for independence, which was crucial for the liberation of Caracas and the rest of the territory that still remained in the hands of the royalists, a fact that was definitely achieved in 1823 with the Naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo and the capture of Castillo San Felipe in Puerto Cabello. Jos Flix Ribas, a wealthy young patriot, rode through Caracas, exhorting Creole leaders to come to the meeting taking place in the council chambers. Then, with the permission of the secretary general, Francisco Isnardi, Mendoza and Roscio presented the document to Congress for discussion. Economic reforms, such as restoration of the nations credit by means of new bond issues and generous concessions to foreign investors, gave further evidence of Guzmn Blancos apparent devotion to Liberal Party principles. On December 17 of that year, Bolivar died. In 1807 the Spanish king, Charles IV, granted passage through Spanish territory to Napoleon 's forces on their way to invade Portugal. The following year Bolvars army marched south to liberate Peru, and in 1825 it freed Upper Peru (Bolivia) from Spanish rule. The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. . (2023, April 5). Radicals within the government, such as Simn Bolvar, Jos Flix Ribas, and Francisco de Miranda pushed for unconditional independence and on July 5, 1811, the congress approved it, making Venezuela the first South American nation to formally sever all ties with Spain. For example, in 1811, Venezuela's representatives declared "that these united Provinces are, and ought to be, from this day, by act and right, Free, Sovereign, and Independent States." The Texas declaration of independence (1836) likewise followed the American in listing grievances and claiming freedom and independence. Spanish General Miguel de la Torre combined his armies and met the combined forces of Bolvar and Pez at the Battle of Carabobo on June 24, 1821. In the early hours of June 24, from the heights of Buenavista hill, Bolivar made a reconnaissance of the royalist position and concluded that it was impregnable from the front and from the south. [7] Juan Escalona, who presided over the first independence triumvirate, issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of Caracas letting them know that the Congress had voted for absolute independence. Opinions on the character of the independence process are not unanimous. "Nuestras armas, por siempre triunfales, humillaron al fiero espaol, del clarn a las voces marciales que oy en sus montaas la tierra del sol. The April 19 pronouncement was not the first of its kind in Latin America: the city of Quito had made a similar pronouncement in August of 1809. With the founding of the Sociedad de Agricultura y Economa, it did not take long for this organization to become the main promoter of the break with Spain. . Hours later the soldiers took her out of her prison to walk her on the esplanade of the barracks, where the prisoners had been shot. Marshal Sucre drafted this Armistice and War Regularization Treaty, considered by Bolvar as "the most beautiful monument of piety applied to war". The signature of president Hugo Chvez was added to an exhibited copy of the document on May 31, 2013, by the Maduro administration, as an homage to the former president. That same year, Bolvar lost control of Puerto Cabello and Francisco de Miranda capitulated in San Mateo before the royalist chief Domingo Monteverde, signing an agreement that consisted in the surrender of weapons by the patriots. Regional rivalries broke out in Gran Colombia while Bolvar was off leading the final campaigns, and his prestige was not enough to hold the country together after his return. The campaign was a great success for the republicans under the command of Manuel Piar with which they managed after several battles to expel all the royalists from the region with which they were left in power of a region rich in natural resources and communication facilities that served as a base to launch campaigns to other regions of the country.[16]. The decade or so that followed was extremely bloody, with unspeakable atrocities on both sides and several important battles, but in the end, the patriots prevailed, finally securing Venezuelan independence in 1821. Scheina, Robert L.Latin America's Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899Washington, D.C.: Brassey's Inc., 2003. The example of the American Revolution was fresh in the minds of these young patriots, who wanted freedom and their own republic. The Supreme Junta of Caracas sought the adhesion of the other provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela to the movement. Then, Francisco de Miranda, at the age of 61, was named Commander in Chief of the Army and left with his troops for Valencia on the 19th. Historians mark the battle of Maturn, on December 11, 1814, as the end of the Second Republic. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence. By early 1810, Venezuela was ready for independence. Cuman is liberated on August 3, 1813, by Mario; Bolvar enters Caracas on August 6. [7] On July 3, the debate began in Congress. However, the inequality between social strata continued, although now based on the possession of wealth, rather than ethnicity.[26]. The provinces were represented as follows: Caracas 24 deputies; Barinas 9; Cuman 4; Barcelona 3; Mrida 2; Trujillo 1; Margarita 1. The anniversary of this declaration is celebrated as Independence Day. Minster, Christopher. During her stay in Cadiz, she refused to sign a document in which she declared her loyalty to the King of Spain and denied her husband's patriotic affiliation, to which she responded that her husband's duty was to serve his country and fight to liberate it. The political and strategic difficulties force Bolvar to suspend the "Barcelona Campaign", from there he leaves for Guayana where Manuel Piar was, leaving the forces of Barcelona under the command of general Pedro Mara Freites. In the years leading up to independence, the Creoles (those born in Venezuela of European descent) began to resent Spain for high taxes, limited opportunities, and mismanagement of the colony. On February 16, he set sail for Ccuta as there was danger due to the presence of Ramn Correa and his royalist forces. He marched unopposed into Bogota, and the volunteers and resources he found there allowed him to recruit and equip a much larger army, and he once again marched on Venezuela. When Boves realized that his column had been enveloped, he left his center precipitously and perished in the clash. On March 26, 1812, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, an earthquake destroyed Caracas causing great damage and the death of about 20,000 people. By October of 1812, Bolvar was ready to rejoin the fight. After making all the preparations for the battle, the patriot detachment marched during the night of December 4 to 5, to dawn in rica in front of the royalistsBoves had already joined the placedeployed in 3 columns in a great savannah. The Battle of Las Queseras del Medio was an important military action carried out on April 2,[note 1] falling on his pursuers and destroying the royalist cavalry fleeing back to their camp. Bolvar decided to send on September 30 the troops of Girardot, Urdaneta and D'Elhuyar, who finally managed to dislodge the royalists, but paying a high price, with the sacrifice of Colonel Girardot, who died when he was hit by a rifle bullet while trying to fix the national flag on the conquered height, during the Battle of Brbula. The prisoners were accused of squandering public funds and then handed over to the royalists. It was ratified by Congress on July 7, 1811 with 43 votes for and one vote against, and recorded in the Congress's Book of Minutes on August 17, 1811, in Caracas. Captain General Pablo Morillo receives instructions from Spain on June 6, 1820, to arbitrate with Simn Bolvar a cessation of hostilities. During the period from 1814 to 1819, Venezuela was devastated by rovingroyalistand patriot armies that fought one another and occasionally amongst themselves. The Spanish had managed to reconquer the provinces of Coro and Maracaibo, which gave them considerable territory in the west of the country. He went to Colombia, where he was given a commission as an officer and a small force. April 19 is known as "Firma Acta de la Independencia" or "Signing of the Act of Independence." Venezuela was a leader in Latin America's Independence movement. Llaneros and blacks also deserted the royalist cause and joined Bolvar, whose army was further augmented by a legion of British and Irish mercenaries; the new republican government of Haiti also sent aid. Then in the Battle of Calabozo, Bolvar is victorious over Pablo Morillo, Paez takes charge as commander of the vanguard to pursue the Spaniards and defeats them in the Uriosa on February 15, 1818. Led by visionary radicals such as Simn Bolvar and Francisco de Miranda, Venezuela was the first of the South American Republics to formally break away from Spain. Still, they made some quick decisions: they outlawed enslavement, exempted Indigenous People from paying tribute, reduced or removed trade barriers, and decided to send envoys to the United States and Britain. Once the Admirable Campaign was finished with the entrance to Caracas, Bolivar re-opened operations against the Spanish reaction that soon made itself felt in great part of the country. The Admirable Campaign began on February 28, 1813, with the Battle of Ccuta against Colonel Ramn Correa where Field Marshal Ribas delivered the decisive blow with a bayonet charge to the center of the royalist lines.[11]. Venezuela broke away in 1829, and Ecuador soon after. Colonel Manuel Villapol was placed on the right; Colonel Florencio Palacios in the center and Lieutenant Colonel Vicente Campo Elas, with the Barlovento battalion, on the left. On 5 December, the Republicans pawned the action and were immediately flanked and cut off by a cavalry column; the small attacking force was virtually destroyed. ThoughtCo, Apr. In this single clash, passionate and violent, more than 500 horsemen of Yez, the aa of the llaneros, were killed. In the battle of Araure, the action of the nameless battalion was decisive. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence." Overview. https://www.thoughtco.com/venezuelas-declaration-of-independence-2136398 (accessed May 2, 2023). Guzmn Blanco was the popular choice for president in the 1873 election. Although the Letter was originally addressed to Henry Cullen, it is clear that its fundamental objective was to call the attention of the most powerful liberal nation of the 19th century, Great Britain, so that it would decide to get involved in the American independence. A ruling junta was proclaimed and Juan de Las Casas, the Captain-General of Venezuela, was deposed. The son of a . The decree of War to the Death was a declaration made by Simn Bolvar on June 15, 1813, in the Venezuelan city of Trujillo. But civil war followed. The military actions of General Arismendi allow him to make prisoners to several Spanish chiefs, among them commander Cobin of the fortress of Santa Rosa, for which the royalist chief Joaqun Urreiztieta proposes Arismendi to exchange those prisoners for his wife. Explanation: Venezuela was ripe for Independence long before other South American regions. In early 1819, Bolvar was cornered in western Venezuela with his army. The independence of Venezuela was the juridical-political process with the purpose of breaking the ties that existed between the Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Spanish Empire. The economy was mostly agricultural and a handful of extremely wealthy families had complete control over the region. Seven of the ten provinces belonging to the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence and explained their reasons for this action, among them, that it was baneful that a small European nation ruled the great expanses of the New World, that Spanish America recovered its right to self-government after the abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII at Bayonne, and that the political instability in Spain dictated that Venezuelans rule themselves, despite the brotherhood they shared with Spaniards. When Pez rebelled in 1848, Monagas defeated him and forced him into exile. It had up to 600 members in Caracas alone and branches in Barcelona, Barinas, Valencia and Puerto Cabello. The Libertador did not forget that the first and second Republics had collapsed because the revolution had been oriented exclusively to the elimination of personal privileges or privileges of a feudal nature, and to the proscription of noble titles for the exclusive benefit of the rich Venezuelan or neo-Granadian landowners; without taking into account at all the mass of slaves or poor peasants who constituted the bulk of the pro-independence army. In 1806 Francisco de Mirandawho had earlier fought under George Washington against the British, served as a general in the French Revolution, and fought with the French against Prussia and Russiatried unsuccessfully to land on the Venezuelan coast with a group of mercenaries whom he had recruited in New York City. A month after her imprisonment, one night she hears a loud alarm and realizes that an assault on the barracks is being prepared. Armed only with spears they attacked the battalion Numanciaone of the best Spanish battalionsand managed to disorganize their cadres, forcing them to retreat.[13]. With Jos Antonio Pez and in Guayana with Manuel Piar. Among the political, economic, social and natural causes mentioned by Bolvar are: On the royalist side, Monteverde, conceited by his success, refuses to hand over power to General Fernando Mijares, who arrived in Puerto Cabello from Puerto Rico and was appointed Captain General by the Regency. The independence movement A group of Venezuelan Creoles boldly proclaimed their country an independent republic in 1797. When Miranda went to embark in La Guaira, he was arrestedalong with 8 other chiefsby his former comrades, among whom was the young Simn Bolvar. The Battle of rica was a tactical military action of the Venezuelan War of Independence fought in the town of rica in the current state of Anzotegui on December 5, 1814, between the Venezuelan field marshal Jos Flix Ribas and Jos Toms Boves who was recognized for his extreme cruelty, both on and off the battlefield. It allowed the return of the charismatic Francisco de Miranda, vaulted Simn Bolvar, Jos Flix Ribas and other patriot leaders to fame, and set the stage for the true independence that followed. From there, and with the support of those countries, especially Haiti, they resumed the struggle. The Capital of Gran Colombia would be Bogot. After the offensive he reached Carpano, after the royalists had abandoned the square, on September 15 he established himself in Cariaco and from there, with the support of Juan Bautista Arismendi's squadron, he opened operations against the city of Cuman, first-born of the American Continent. ThoughtCo. The battalion became the mockery of the republican army, until it received its chance to prove its worth again on 5 December 1813 in Araure. Once the Apure campaign ended with Morillo's retreat to Calabozo, Bolvar began the Campaign for the Liberation of New Granada and Pez was assigned the functions of security and strategic reserve, to watch Morillo's movements and to cut off a possible attack by Morillo on Bolvar's forces in conjunction with the army of the east. The document marked a milestone in international law,[20] because Sucre set the worldwide humanitarian treatment that since then the defeated began to receive from the victors in a war. The statue that immortalizes Ricaurte's heroic gesture in the "Ingenio Bolivar in San Mateo" is a work of the sculptor Lorenzo Gonzalez. Subsequently, General Santiago Mario, seconded by Jos Francisco Bermdez, marched on Irapa where he attacked and destroyed the garrison of Yaguaraparo. He lived in Kingston from May to December 1815, a time he dedicated to meditation and reflection on the future of the American continent in view of the situation regarding the destiny of Mexico, Central America, New Granadaincluding present-day PanamaVenezuela, Buenos Aires, Chile and Peru. Principales documentos de Bolvar", "Tratado de Armisticio (Santa Ana de Trujillo 1820)", "Ahora no podrn con nosotros, porque estamos juntos y estaremos juntos para siempre", "Tu Zulia - Batalla naval del lago de Maracaibo", "Fue la independencia una revolucin social? ThoughtCo. The cause of Civil War break out in 1826 was because of the election of Abraham Lincoln and slave and non slave states.The effects were seen on the economy and assassination of the president. The first independence attempts took place in Venezuela at the end of the 18th century. Santos Molano, Enrique. Patriot leaders such as Manuel Piar, Jos AntonioPez,and Simn Bolivar did not necessarily acknowledge one another's authority, leading to a lack of a coherent battle plan tofree Venezuela. New Granada was renamed Cundinamarca and its capital, Santa Fe renamed Bogot. It refused to recognize the Spanish shadow government that was loyal to Ferdinand, and many Spanish officers, bureaucrats, and judges were sent back to Spain along with Emparn. Deeply annoyed, the Libertador ordered to merge the remains of the battalions "Aragua", "Caracas" and "Agricultores" that had participated in the battle, into a single battalion that would not be named. A new constitution in 1872 proclaimed representative government, suffrage for all males, and direct election of the president. Seven of the ten provinces belonging to the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence and explained their reasons for this action, among them, that it was baneful that a small European nation ruled the great expanses of the New World, that Spanish America recovered its right to self-government after the abdications of Charles IV Bolivar returns to New Granada, to try to repeat the feat of the Admirable Campaign, an action that is rejected by his supporters. The resulting government became known as the First Venezuelan Republic. Minster, Christopher. The electoral regulations were census-based as they gave the vote to free men, over 25 years of age (or over 21 if married) and owners of 2000 pesos in real or personal property. During the royalist attack, Francisco Toms Morales took possession of the sugar mill while one of his columnsgoing down the Los Cucharos rowtook the "high house". The constitution that they enacted in 1830 reflected their social and political philosophya centralist state, property qualifications for voting, the death penalty for political crimes, guarantees for the freedom of trade and commerce, and the continuation of slavery. During all this time she was kept incommunicado and without news of her relatives. He made a speedy march on Bogota, where the Spanish Viceroy hastily sent out a force to delay him. Thus was born the First Venezuelan Republic, doomed to die in 1812 after a disastrous earthquake and relentless military pressure from royalist forces. (2020, August 27). After that, the others generally accepted Bolvar's leadership. The city erupted into chaos once more. With the Spanish finally driven off, Venezuela began putting itself back together. From Caracas, Bolivar proclaims "War to the Death with the extermination of the Spanish race." [26], The accuracy of the date is disputed since although all reports indicate that the date of the military action was April 2, Paez himself quotes in his autobiography that it occurred on April 3, 1819, in the current state of, Declaration of Independence of the United States, Supreme Conservative Junta of the Rights of Fernando VII, Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies, Federal Constitution of the States of Venezuela of 1811, Campaign for the Liberation of New Granada, "5 de julio 1811 - Da de la Independencia", "Decreto de guerra a muerte de Simn Bolvar", "Campaas terrestres de la guerra de independencia de Venezuela", "Participacin de Bolvar en la gesta emancipadora. Captain General Vicente Emparan was forced to resign his post on April 19, 1810, by the cabildo of Caracas. Profound Granadine anxiety over the fate of the empire and conflicting courses of action attempted by colonial and peninsular subjects over control of government during the captivity of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII led to strife in New Granada and to declarations of independence. This resulted in outrage among various sectors opposing said administration. Thus culminates the Third Republic.[18]. The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. By the time Simn Bolvar led his Admirable Campaign, the country no longer had a dependence on its Spanish colonizers, and independence was inevitable. The Mantuanos, who did not tolerate the patriots, appointed the Marquis del Toro as commander to confront the Valencian uprising, but on July 15 he was defeated. The projection of the treaty was of such magnitude that Bolvar wrote in one of his letters: "() this treaty is worthy of Sucre's soul ()". The patriots commanded by Bolivar, on the other hand, needed to concentrate their troops in order to obtain a single decisive battle. This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 04:55. Patriot warlords back in Venezuela, such as Mario and Pez, finally smelled victory and began to close in on Caracas. On July 3, 1811, delegates from the first National Constituent Congress convened at the Santa Rosa de Lima Chapel in Caracas regarding the matter of independence. In 1815 the Spanish general Pablo Morillo landed with an expeditionary force that spearheaded the reconquest of much of New Granada. The Liberal Party passed laws that abolished slavery, extended suffrage, outlawed capital punishment, and limited interest rates, but the laws were not implemented. In Bolvar's advance towards Caracas, Girardot was in charge of the rearguard from Apure, until reaching him near the city of Naguanagua, next to the hill of Brbula, where they were to confront the royalist army commanded by Domingo Monteverde. After the end of the Admirable Campaign, the republicans were campaigning against the royalists in central western Venezuela. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986. Patriots who favored full independence and royalists loyal to Ferdinand could agree on one thing: they would not tolerate French rule. The incorporation of the Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda and the young Simn Bolvar, gave the society a revolutionary character. Colonel Florencio Jimnez, commander of the Caracas, was designated as the commander of the Batalln sin nombre ("Battalion without a name.")
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