CO, Co, co have three separate meanings. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Likewise, the molecular mass of an aspirin molecule, C 9H 8O 4, is the sum of the atomic masses of nine carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, which amounts to 180. Chemistry Chapter 7!!! Flashcards | Quizlet The molecular mass (m) is the mass of a given molecule: it is measured in daltons or atomic mass (Da or u). Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. You can measure the mass of 22.4 L of the compound at STP; this is the molar volume of the gas. Aspirin (C9H8O4) Molar Mass (With Calculations) - Knords Learning # of Atoms: 9 1.41 g c. How many moles of aspirin are present in 100 mg of aspirin? Now here we have to find the molar mass of Aspirin C9H8O4. * Molar mass of C atoms (grams) is numerically equal to . Computing molecular weight molecular mass To calculate molecular weight of a chemical compound enter it's formula, specify its isotope mass number after each element in square brackets. calculate the mass percentage composition of urea Well, now you have come to know the molar mass of Aspirin. 12.0107*9 + 1.00794*8 + 15.9994*4, Element: Hydrogen moles Aspirin to grams. 1.81 x 10-3 B. Account for What is the mass, in grams, of 1.701021 molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4? [2], The molar mass of Oxygen is 15.999 g/mol. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Marketplace for millions of educator-created resources, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning, Diccionario ingls-espaol, traductor y sitio de aprendizaje, a Question Molar Mass. 1.09 x 1021 So, the mass of 1.701021 molecules of aspirin would be: (1.7010^21 molecules) * (1 mol /6.02* 10^23 molecule) * 180g/mol= 0.508 gram Advertisement AkshayG is the mass of of aspirin. A link to the app was sent to your phone. That's a lot to count, so I'll trust the number is correct. Solution. CO, Co, co have three separate meanings. Add the atomic masses of each atom (9 carbonsx12, 8 hydrogens x 1, and 4 oxygens x 16) to find the number of grams it takes to make a mole of C9H8O4. The average mass of an aspirin molecule is 180. The number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance, a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms, atomic mass of an element expressed in grams, the mass of one mole of an ionic compound, the mass in grams of a mole of molecular units; a value numerically equivalent to the average molecular mass expressed in grams, the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4 L, (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound, The percent by mass of each element in a compound, the smallest unit into which a substance can be broken down without a change in composition, usually atoms, molecules, or ions. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Since there is a 2 right next to the O, you have to multiply the atomic mass [which you just found out to be 16] and multiply by two so O2 is 32. now add that to S's atomic mass [which you already know to be 32] and you get 64. that is the molar mass of SO2, What is the gram molecular mass (gmm) of chlorine, How many moles is each of the following: 15.5 g Sio2, How many moles is each of the following: 0.0688 g AgCl, How many moles is each of the following: 79.3 g Cl2, How many moles is each of the following: 5.96 g KOH, Find the mass of each substance: 1.50 mol C5H12, Find the mass of each substance: 14.4 mol F2, Find the mass of each substance: 0.780 mol Ca(CN)2, Find the mass of each substance: 7.00 mol H2O2, Find the mass of each substance: 5.60 mol NaOH, Calculate the volume of each of the following gases at STP: 7.6 mol Ar, Calculate the volume of each of the following gases at STP: 0.44 mol C2H6, Calculate the volume of each of the following gases at STP: 1.20 mol O2, What is the density of each of the following gases at STP: C3H8, What is the density of each of the following gases at STP: Ne, What is the density of each of the following gases at STP: NO2, Find each of the following quantities: A; the volume,in liters, of 835 g SO3 at STP, Find each of the following quantities: B; the mass, in grams,of a molecule of aspirin (C9H8O4), Find each of the following quantities: C; the number of atoms in 5.78 mol NH4NO3, Calculate the percent composition of each compound: H2S, Calculate the percent composition of each compound: (NH4)2C2O4, Calculate the percent composition of each compound: Mg(OH)2, Calculate the percent composition of each compound: Na3PO4, Calculate the number of grams of these elements: sulfur in 3.54 g H2S, Calculate the number of grams of these elements: nitrogen in 25.0 g(NH4)2C2O4, Calculate the number of grams of these elements: Magnesium in 97.4 g Mg(OH)2, Calculate the number of grams of these elements: Phosphorus in 804 g Na3PO4. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin ) - C9H8O4 - Formula, Structure Would you like to live in a city with an urban growth boundary? HBr (Hydrobromic acid) Molar Mass (With Calculations), Butane (C4H10) Molar Mass (With Calculations), Periodic table labeled (14 different labeled images), Periodic table with electronegativity values, Protons neutrons and electrons of all elements. What is the mass of 0.40 mol of aspirin? ANSWER: 16.0 g 3)What is the mass, in grams, 180.1574 amu b. Molecular weight of C9H8O4 - Convert Units 3)How would I find the mass, in grams, of 3.01 x 10^23 molecules of water? disadvantages of the social model of health; paul barnes obituary. Molecular weight calculation: Weights of atoms and isotopes are from Related:. Because the molar mass of any molecule (or compound) can be calculated by simply adding the molar masses of individual atoms. . To find the molar mass of aspirin, we need to add up the atomic weights of all the atoms present in the compound: 9 x 12.0107 g/mol + 8 x 1.00794 g/mol + 4 x 15.999 g/mol = 180.1568 g/mol. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. Choose an expert and meet online. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/avogadros-number-chemistry-problem-example-609542. the mass in grams of a mole of molecular units; a value numerically equivalent to the average molecular mass expressed in grams molar mass the mass of one mole of a pure substance molar volume the volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP); 22.4 L mole A decomposition reaction involves the breakdown of a single compound into two or more simpler substances. (5.56x1023 molecules)/(6.02x1023 molecules/mole) = 0.924 mole. In a combination reaction, there is always a single product. These relative weights computed from the chemical equation are sometimes called equation weights. normal_643b96b379f88.pdf It is appropriate to take into account a package of C9H8O4 and the use of its parasite mass (180.159 g/mol, developed . common chemical compounds. 6.022 x 10^23. We use the most common isotopes. Robert S. I did it quickly, so check the number, but I get 180.2 grams/mole. or. , there is a need for blocks of C, H and O in a known mass of C9H8O4. The formula weight is simply the weight in atomic mass units of all the atoms in a given formula. shown that poly-L-lysine is a random coil at pH 7 but Add the atomic. Molar Mass, Molecular Weight and Elemental Composition Calculator Molar mass of C9H8O4 is 180.1574 g/mol Compound name is aspirin Get control of 2022! Mass Percent: 35.523%. The percentage by weight of any atom or group of atoms in a compound can be computed by dividing the total weight of the atom or group of atoms in the formula by the formula weight and multiplying by 100. It is equal to 6.023 1023 mol-. At some location, the balls pass each other. ANSWER: 16.0 g 3)What is the mass, in grams, C7H603+C4H6O3=C9H8O4=HC2H3O2 a)Assuming the maximum yield that could be obtained is 76.8% what mass of Aspirin C9H8O4 could be obtained from this reaction when 2.00 * 10^2 grams of C7H6O3 reacts with, 2)The gram molecular mass of oxygen is 16.0 g right? Because the molar mass of any molecule (or compound) can be calculated by simply adding the molar masses of individual atoms. I hope you have understood the short and simple calculation for finding the molar mass of Aspirin. A molecule is the representative particle of diatomic elements and molecular compounds. (d) What is the molar mass of a particular compound if 0.099 mol c) How many molecules of C9H8O4 are there in 15.00 g of ASA? Examples of molar mass computations: Molar mass calculator also displays common compound name, Hill formula, elemental composition, mass percent composition, atomic percent compositions and allows to convert from weight to number of moles and vice versa. Chemistry High School answered expert verified What is the mass, in grams, of a molecule of aspirin (C9H8O4)? First, you can calculate the molar mass of FeCl2 by adding the molar masses of Fe (55.845 g/mol) and 2 atoms of Cl (2 times (35.446 g/mol). Special symbols are written after formulas in equations to show a substance's state. It has a flashpoint of 482 F. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . So, Molar mass of Aspirin (C9H8O4) = Molar mass of 9 Carbon (C) atoms + Molar mass of 8 Hydrogen (H) atoms + Molar mass of 4 Oxygen (O) atoms.= (12.011) 9 + (1.008) 8 + (15.999) 4= 108.099 + 8.064 + 63.996= 180.159 g/mol. Finding molar mass starts with units of grams per mole (g/mol). b) A one-gram sample of aspirin contains 85.2% by mass of C9H8O4. Don't make chemistry harder than it is. In science, it typically describes the number of molecules or atoms. The SI base unit for amount of substance is the mole. answered 03/07/21, Patient PhD Chemist with 40 Years of R&D And Teaching. Molar mass is the mass equivalent of Avogadro's number of atoms of an element, or Avogadro's number of molecules of in a chemical compound. Question: (b) What is the mass, in grams, of 0.0573 mol of iron (III) phosphate? 4.56*10^23 molecules is about 3/4 of one mole. answered by drwls June 1, 2010 Answer this Question Still need help? Let me show you the calculation to get the molar mass of Aspirin (or Acetylsalicylic acid or C9H8O4). The designations for a solid, liquid, or gas are (s), (l), and (g) respectively. Multiplying the number of moles of a substance by its molar mass gives the mass of the substance, Dividing the mass of a substance by its molar mass gives the number of moles of that substance. Jay is an educator and has helped more than 100,000 students in their studies by providing simple and easy explanations on different science-related topics. Molar mass is also molecular weight. What is the mass, in grams, of 1.301021 molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4 What is the molecular formula of C9H8O4? For example, in the formula H2O, there are two atoms of hydrogen (the subscript) and one atom of oxygen (no subscript is the same as "1"). This site explains how to find molar mass. Advertisement Advertisement The chemical formula for aspirin is C9H8O4, which indicates that it is composed of 9 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms, and 4 oxygen atoms. 1: empirical formula. The molar mass of aspirin is the mass of one mole of the substance, which is equal to its atomic weight in grams. Now it's easy to convert molecules to grams - just watch the units: 0.924 mole x (180.2 g/mole) = 166 grams C9H8O4 (3 sig figs). Molecular weight calculation: Chemistry questions and answers. Molar mass is defined as the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. Add the atomic, C7H6O3+C4H6)3->C9H8O4+C2H4O2 What is the theoretical yield in grams of aspirin, C9H8O4, when 2.00 grams of salicylic. 1. To calculate the percent composition, we need to know the masses of C, H, and O in a known mass of C 9 H 8 O 4.It is convenient to consider 1 mol of C 9 H 8 O 4 and use its molar mass (180.159 g/mole . To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert. 1)The chemical formula for aspirin is C9H8O4. C'mon. You do the numbers. When you convert from number of molecules to grams, you use Avogadro's number as a conversion factor. The mass of 1 mol of molecules (or formula units) in grams is numerically equivalent to the mass of one molecule (or formula unit) in atomic mass units. Atomic Mass: 15.9994 Molar mass of C9H8O4 = 180.15742 g/mol This compound is also known as Aspirin. Theoretical Yield Worked Example Problem - ThoughtCo The number moles of aspirin is . a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new substance, A chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light, an equation that shows dissolved ionic compounds as dissociated free ions, (chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance, a chemical change that involves an exchange of positive ions between two compounds, an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change, a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound, a chemical equation that does not indicate the relative amounts of the reactants and products, Ions that do not take part in a chemical reaction and are found in solution both before and after the reaction, A chemical reaction can be concisely represented by a chemical equation. The aspirin molecule consists of 8 Hydrogen atom s , 9 Carbon atom s and 4 Oxygen atom s - a total of 21 atom s. Formula in Hill system is C9H8O4 Computing molar mass molar weight To calculate molar mass of a chemical compound enter its formula and click 'Compute'. Now, to calculate the molar mass of Aspirin, you just have to add the molar mass of all the individual atoms that are present in Aspirin. In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together. Computing molecular weight molecular mass To calculate molecular weight of a chemical compound enter it's formula, specify its isotope mass number after each element in square brackets. # of Atoms: 9 Learn more about our help with Assignments: Chemistry You can see that; The molar mass of Carbon is 12. The atomic weights of these elements are as follows: carbon (12.0107 g/mol), hydrogen (1.00794 g/mol), and oxygen (15.999 g/mol). You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. This site explains how to find molar mass. Now here we have to find the molar mass of Aspirin (C9H8O4). Expert Answer Aspirin = C9H8O4 We determine the molar mass of acetylsalicylic acid: 1 mol C9H8O4 = 12*9 + 1*8 + 16*4 = 180 g i) We convert the 325 mg of aspirin into grams: 1 g/1000 mg * 325 mg = 0.325 g We use the molar mass to determine the number of aspirin m View the full answer 4.7K views 11 months ago Explanation of how to find the molar mass of C9H8O4: Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid). A complete ionic equation shows all disolved ionic compounds as their free ions. What is the mass in grams of 5.01020 molecules of aspirin (C9H8O4) ? The units of mass are typically grams. What is the mass, in grams, of 4.56 1023 molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4? Is this location at the halfway point between window and ground, above this point, or below this point? If you start with 2.09 grams of C4H6O3 how many grams aspirin (C9H8O4) can you make. Atomic Mass: 1.00794 A. Get a free answer to a quick problem. Track your food intake, exercise, sleep and meditation for free. For members entering service on or after April 2, 2012, please . What is the mass of 0.40 mol of aspirin? You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Mass, in grams, of 3 1021 molecules of Aspirin, C9H8O4, MATHEMA 1 3-2 1. It includes spectator ions as well as ions i, Both single- and double-replacement reactions can be written as net ionic equations in which spectator ions are deleted from both sides of the equation. Chemistry. Mass Percent: 60.001%, Element: Oxygen 2.72 x 1024; 4.82 x 1024; 2.41 x 1024 C. 6.02 x 1023 of each D. 1; 1; 1 B. A double-replacement reaction involves the exchange of cations (or anions) between two compounds. The formula weight is simply the weight in atomic mass units of all the atoms in a given formula. Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 10 23 atoms per . Symbol: H (c) What is the mass, in grams, of 2.26 1023 molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4? Following are the steps: Determine how many atoms of each different element are in the formula. common chemical compounds. Molecular mass - Wikipedia Worked example: Calculating molar mass and number of moles Enter your answer in scientific notation. Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams. Now we need the molar mass of C9H8O4. The atomic mass of C is 12.01 g. The atomic mass of H is 1.008 g. The atomic mass of O is 15.99 g. Substitute these values in equation (3). From the periodic table : Molar Mass of C = 12 grams Molar Mass of H = 1 grams Molar Mass of O = 16 grams MM aspirin = (9 x 12 grams) + (8 x 1 grams) + (4 x 16 grams) MM aspirin = 108 grams + 8 grams + 64 grams MM aspirin = 180 grams MM sal = (7 x 12 grams) + (6 x 1 grams) + (3 x 16 grams) How many grams C9H8O4 in 1 mol? # of Atoms: 4 The representative particle of most elements is the atom. You can ask a new question or browse more Chemistry questions. Calculate the cost of heating the pool from 15.5C15.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}15.5C to 26.5C26.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}26.5C if electrical energy costs $0.100 per kilowatt-hour. To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert. (d) What is the molar mass of a particular compound if 0.099 mol . I did it quickly, so check the number, but I get 180.2 grams/mole. Since each mole is 126.737 grams, you multiply 3.5 mols by 126.737 grams, giving you 443.58 grams. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Step 1: Find the molar mass of aspirin and salicylic acid. 9; 8; 4 B. Find the caps key. The reason is that the molar mass of the substance affects the conversion. We use the most common isotopes. The molar mass of Carbon is 12.011 g/mol. (v) What is the mass of one molecule of aspirin in g? The molar mass of a compound is determined by adding the atomic masses of all the elements in the compound. A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction. So lets look at the molar mass of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen from the above periodic table. Chemical equation with the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation, (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected, A representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products. Now, to calculate the molar mass of Aspirin, you just have to add the molar mass of all the individual atoms that are present in Aspirin. One mol is composed of 6.02* 10^23 molecule. In some books, you may see the unit of molar mass as grams/mole or g/mole. ThoughtCo, Apr. Find the caps key. [1], The molar mass of Hydrogen is 1.008 g/mol. The molar mass of aspirin is 180.114 g/mol. You can see the molar mass value of all the atoms from this periodic table. Expert's answer Download Answer Need a fast expert's response? However, in practical terms, we usually deal with moles of a substance, rather than individual molecules, which is why the molar mass is more commonly used. Now in Aspirin (C9H8O4), there are 9 Carbon atoms, 8 Hydrogen atoms and 4 Oxygen atoms. In accordance with the law of conservation of mass, a chemical equation must be balanced. Let me show you the calculation to get the molar mass of Aspirin or Acetylsalicylic acid or C9H8O4. Exercise 2.11. This is not the same as molecular mass, which is the mass of a single molecule of well-defined isotopes. Example 1: (5/105) x 100 = 0.04761 x 100 = 4.761%. Thus, the molar mass of aspirin is 180.1568 grams per mole. phosphate? Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams." How many hydrogen atoms? Chapter 1 Stoichiometry_Student | PDF | Mole (Unit) | Ion - Scribd what is the mass of one molecule of co - kukky.com this pH-dependent conformational transition. The mass of the molar volume is the molar mass. = 16.04 amu Molar mass of a compound is numerically equal to the molecular mass of its molecule So molar mass of CH4 is 16.04 g . The percentage by weight of any atom or group of atoms in a compound can be computed by dividing the total weight of the atom (or group of atoms) in the formula by the formula weight and multiplying by 100. Hence the Molar mass of Aspirin (C9H8O4) is 180.159 g/mol. Symbol: O But we can also say that the "molar mass" of carbon is 12.01 g/mole. Finding molar mass starts with units of grams per mole (g/mol). For bulk stoichiometric calculations, we are usually determining molar mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight or average atomic mass. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The precipitate formed in a double-replacement reaction can be identified using table of solubility. Science. Well, now you have come to know the molar mass of Aspirin. Further Explanation: for a gas, the temperature of 0 degrees C and the pressure 1.00 atm. Is this right? This is how to calculate molar mass (average molecular weight), which is based on isotropically weighted averages. If the formula used in calculating molar mass is the molecular formula, the formula weight computed is the molecular weight. Laboratory analysis of aspirin determined the following mass percent composition as follows: C = 60.00%, H = 4.48% and O = 35.53%. A few things to consider when finding the molar mass for C9H8O4: Almost. Explain. The molar mass of aspirin is the mass of one mole of the substance, which is equal to its atomic weight in grams. Symbol: O ANSWER: 45 g 2)The gram molecular mass of oxygen is. The related quantity relative molecular mass, as defined by IUPAC, is the ratio of the mass of a molecule to the unified atomic mass unit (also known as the . It is important to note that the molar mass of a substance is not the same as its molecular weight. When calculating molecular weight of a chemical compound, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of that substance. You can see that in Aspirin C9H8O4 , there are 9 Carbon atoms, 8 Hydrogen atoms and 4 Oxygen atoms. The molecular weight of a substance is the mass of one molecule of the substance, while the molar mass is the mass of one mole of the substance. Solved (b) What is the mass, in grams, of 0.0573 mol of - Chegg Sounds magical, but it's true. the pH dependence of the helixcoil transition of poly-Lglutamate. Answer in General Chemistry for Katelyn #82989 - Assignment Expert Chemistry Chapter 10 and 11 Flashcards | Quizlet DECA Principles of Hospitality & Tourism - Cl. 1 grams C9H8O4 is equal to 0.0055507011590197 . aspirin, C9H8O4? A common request on this site is to convert grams to moles. Look up the atomic mass of each element in a periodic table. If you have a periodic table with you, then you can easily calculate the molar mass of Aspirin (or Acetylsalicylic acid or C9H8O4). 9 times the MW of C plus 8 times the MW of H plus 4 times the MW of O. This is how to calculate molar mass average molecular weight , which is based on isotropically weighted averages. 2.5 x 109) / 6.022 x 1023 H2O moleculesmass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O = ( 4.5 x 1010) / 6.022 x 1023 H2O moleculesmass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O = 7.5 x 10-14 g. The mass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O is 7.5 x 10-14 g. The key to success for this type of problem is paying attention to the subscripts in a chemical formula. View question - Help please. Divide this value by Avogadro's number to get the mass in grams of the molecules. Hence the Molar mass of Aspirin (C9H8O4) is 180.159 g/mol. Check out other related topics for more practice;Butane (C4H10) Molar MassKNO3 (Potassium nitrate) Molar MassC3H8 (Propane) Molar MassBaSO4 (Barium sulfate) Molar MassOctane (C8H18) Molar Mass. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a commonly used pain reliever and anti-inflammatory medication. You can also look up the molar mass. Add it all up. Using the formula . (c) What is the mass, in grams, of 2.26 1023 molecules of When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Since the molecular weight of Aspirin - C9H8O4 is equal to: = 180.157 g/mol =6.022 x 10^23 atoms or molecules, it therefore follows that 1.70 x 10^21 molecules = 1.70 x 10^21 /6.022 x 10^23 x 180.157 = 0.50858 grams. For example, the molar mass of salicylic acid is 138.12 g/mol, the molar mass of acetic anhydride is 102.09 g/mol, and the molar mass of acetylsalicylic acid is 180.16 g/mol. . In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together. What is the mass, in grams, of 4.86 1023 molecules of aspirin, C9H8O4? . Your friend throws the ball upward at exactly the same time that you drop yours from the window. The molar mass is also known as the molecular weight. The atomic weights used on this site come from NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Atomic Mass: 12.0107 One mole of any substance contains the same number of representative particles as one mole of any other substance. Molar mass of C9H8O4 = 180.15742 g/mol. The molar mass of C9H8O4 is 108+8+64 = 180 g/mol. Generally, it has no smell but when in moist air it acquires a smell of acetic acid. If I'm right just multiply 1.32g by 6.022*10^23 and the answer is 7.949*10^23 molecules. a series of elements that have similar properties and that are arranged in descending order of chemical activity; examples of activity series include metals and halogens.
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